Tag Archives: #MaheshZagade

The Legacy of Jawaharlal Nehru: A Lifetime of Achievement and Vision

In the history of India, few names resonate with the same grandeur, influence, and intellectual prowess as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. A polymath whose contributions to India’s intellectual, social, and political fabric are unparalleled, Nehru’s life stands as a testament to the heights one can achieve through dedication to an ideal and a nation. From the early days as a student of natural sciences in Cambridge to his final years as India’s first Prime Minister, Nehru’s achievements spanned realms as diverse as politics, economics, education, and literature. His impact is still felt not only within India’s borders but in academic and intellectual circles worldwide, where his works continue to be studied, his ideas debated, and his influence acknowledged.

 Education and Legal Acumen: The Early Foundations

Jawaharlal Nehru’s path to greatness was laid on solid foundations. Educated at the prestigious Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he pursued a Tripos in Natural Sciences, he developed a keen analytical mind well-suited to intellectual pursuits. His education was completed with legal training at the Inner Temple, London, where he was called to the Bar, marking him as a gentleman and scholar in the classical sense. Yet Nehru’s Western education, rather than detaching him from India’s plight, seemed to deepen his empathy and commitment. The rigorous academic training Nehru received abroad was instrumental in cultivating his broad worldview and his deep understanding of Western philosophy, science, and democracy—tools he would later wield as both a visionary leader and a statesman.

A Leader of the Indian Freedom Struggle

Jawaharlal Nehru’s contributions to the Indian freedom struggle are inseparable from his legacy. While he could have pursued a comfortable life in Britain or the Indian legal profession, he instead chose to join the struggle for India’s independence under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi. Imprisoned multiple times for his participation in the struggle, Nehru exemplified the personal sacrifices that shaped India’s fight against colonial rule. His incarceration, far from weakening his resolve, deepened his ideological convictions and cemented his status as a leader of indomitable spirit. During these periods, Nehru penned some of his most profound thoughts and reflections, later published as insightful works that shed light on India’s political landscape and on humanity at large.

The Visionary First Prime Minister: Laying India’s Foundations

As India’s first Prime Minister, Nehru assumed leadership of a newly independent, culturally diverse, and economically impoverished nation. With remarkable foresight, he set about creating a framework for India’s development that focused on self-sufficiency, scientific advancement, and education. Nehru was instrumental in establishing the Planning Commission, emphasizing the importance of long-term, structured economic development. His Five-Year Plans reflected a commitment to building a robust industrial base and strengthening agriculture, which was essential for a nascent nation’s survival and growth.

Nehru’s contributions to science and technology were pioneering. He envisioned a future where India, self-reliant and progressive, could stand tall in the world. To achieve this, he established premier institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), which would produce engineers of global repute. His respect for science and rationality led to the formation of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), initiatives that have since positioned India as a leader in scientific innovation. Through these institutions, Nehru laid the intellectual and scientific foundations upon which India continues to build its aspirations as a modern state.

Champion of Social and Educational Reform

Nehru’s dedication to social justice was evident in his policies aimed at reducing inequality and promoting social welfare. He believed that education was the cornerstone of an equitable society and advocated for universal education, with a particular focus on bridging the divide between urban and rural areas. His efforts to eliminate caste discrimination, promote women’s rights, and ensure secular governance were transformative, creating an India that, despite its challenges, upheld principles of equality and human dignity.

Through the establishment of scholarships, schools, and universities, Nehru sought to foster an enlightened citizenry. His belief in education as a fundamental right reflected his conviction that a free India could only thrive if its citizens were literate, informed, and capable of critical thinking. Today, many universities around the world continue to honor Nehru’s legacy with scholarships and chairs named after him, an acknowledgment of his contributions to global thought and education.

A Prolific Writer and Thinker

Nehru’s intellect found expression not only in governance but also in literature. Over his lifetime, he wrote extensively, penning a remarkable 112 books. His works, ranging from “The Discovery of India” to “Glimpses of World History,” offer both a deep historical understanding and a reflection on India’s place in the global narrative. Written with elegance and erudition, these books continue to be studied in over 80 universities worldwide, attesting to Nehru’s lasting impact on intellectual discourse. His writings reveal the heart of a man who, while deeply rooted in Indian culture, held a cosmopolitan outlook and a profound respect for the interconnectedness of humanity.

The fact that so many prestigious institutions around the world have established chairs and scholarships in his name is a testament to the universal relevance of Nehru’s ideas. His thoughts on democracy, peace, and human rights transcend the boundaries of time and geography. They remind us that the pursuit of knowledge and the embrace of empathy are essential qualities for leadership in any age.

A Legacy of Unmatched Achievement

When one considers Nehru’s life and accomplishments, one is struck by the breadth and depth of his contributions. Few lives have been as productive, as varied, or as impactful as Nehru’s. His legacy endures not only in the physical structures and policies he established but also in the values he championed—secularism, social justice, and rational thought. Nehru was a man of his time yet possessed a vision that reached beyond his lifetime. His achievements offer a profound reminder of what one individual, armed with intellect, determination, and a commitment to the greater good, can achieve.

Nehru’s legacy invites each of us to consider the impact we might leave upon the world. In a lifetime dedicated to public service, learning, and the pursuit of a just society, Nehru has shown that a life well-lived is one in service to others, in relentless pursuit of knowledge, and in unyielding dedication to principles. He laid down a path for future generations of Indians to follow and left behind a legacy that speaks not only to the heart of India but to the very soul of humanity.

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The Illusion of Privilege: Reflections on the Intellectual Stagnation of an Exclusively Educated Pseudo-Elite

In an era when social media has given voice to millions across cultural, economic, and social divides, an unexpected observation has emerged: a few members of a supposedly select ethnic elite, who for nearly three millennia enjoyed exclusive access to educational and societal privileges, often display a surprising lack of intellectual and cultural refinement online. A careful examination of this phenomenon raises profound questions about the impact of prolonged privilege on intellectual growth, social decency, and cultural evolution, revealing that exclusivity in education alone does not inherently cultivate wisdom, depth, empathy, decency or sophistication.

Historical Context of Exclusive Privilege

The foundation of this privileged group’s position traces back millennia, wherein access to knowledge, ritual, and power was cordoned off from the masses. Systems that reinforced hierarchy—such as caste structures, feudal patronage, and inherited authority—ensured that learning and decision-making remained confined to this minority and within the minority only to the males of an elite group. Over time, the separation became deeply embedded in social expectations, ritual traditions, and legal codes, reinforcing the perception that this elite alone was capable of interpreting and safeguarding knowledge, whether sacred or otherwise.

This exclusive access also placed members of this group in roles that shaped society’s moral, educational, and philosophical frameworks. They became arbiters of culture and guides to societal values, shaping the ethics, beliefs, and behaviors of broader society. However, as time passed and societal structures evolved, this monopoly became increasingly disconnected from the realities of a changing world. One might expect that such extended access to learning would have cultivated a distinctive depth of thought or a nuanced appreciation of human experience; yet, this does not seem to be the case.

The Exposure of Intellectual Stagnation in the Digital Age

With the advent of social media, individuals from all strata of society gained the ability to express themselves freely, offering a unique, unfiltered view into their thinking, beliefs, and personalities. One might have expected that the descendants of supposedly educated elite—long nurtured on philosophical texts, classical literature, and moral doctrines—would bring to the digital realm a distinct voice: one marked by discernment, restraint, and an elevated perspective. Instead, what often emerges is quite the contrary.

The comments, expressions, and interactions seen on social media from individuals within this group often betray a startling superficiality. Rather than fostering respectful discourse or promoting a nuanced worldview, their engagements frequently reflect narrow-mindedness, necrotic thought processes, overt defensiveness, and a marked lack of critical thought. Many appear to cling to outdated perspectives, wielding their historical privileges with a tone of entitlement rather than humility or cultural sophistication. 

Educational Exclusivity and Its Limitations on Intellectual Evolution

True intellectual growth thrives on a cross-pollination of ideas, experiences, and perspectives. When knowledge is confined to an isolated group, it becomes a closed loop, increasingly insular and resistant to new ideas. While traditional teachings and classical education may have their own reasons, without engagement with other knowledge systems, the approach to learning becomes stagnant. Furthermore, when education becomes synonymous with privilege rather than purpose, the pursuit of wisdom fades into complacency, and curiosity is overshadowed by a sense of inherited pseudo-superiority.

Over generations, this isolation likely stunted the intellectual evolution of this privileged class. They were afforded an education that excluded rigorous debate and the accountability of competing perspectives. Instead, they became accustomed to a cultural feedback loop that continually reaffirmed their own beliefs and societal status. Such an environment seldom rewards introspection or self-improvement but instead reinforces a narrow worldview.

Decency, Respect, and Social Maturity in Decline

The challenge posed by these observations is not limited to intellect alone; it extends to basic social decency and respect. The frequency of caustic, arrogant, or intolerant responses often displayed by members of this group on social media suggests an erosion of basic interpersonal respect. The lack of open-mindedness reflects not only a cognitive stagnation but also a moral one. The attitude exhibited on such platforms exposes a failure to evolve socially or emotionally alongside the rest of society, indicating that exclusive access to education has not imbued this group with a corresponding level of cultural or moral growth.

The erosion of interpersonal decency raises deeper questions about the purpose of education itself. Is education meant to solely inform, or does it also have a role in nurturing empathy, respect, and an appreciation for others’ perspectives? If the answer is the latter, then the legacy of this group’s privileged education appears sorely lacking. The apparent inability to engage with respect, decency, and open-mindedness reflects a deeply entrenched intellectual and ethical myopia.

The Broader Implications for Society

When a pseudo-elite group, ostensibly educated and culturally sophisticated, exhibits such traits, it casts doubt on the broader societal value of inherited privilege. A society that ties intellectual worth to social status risks fostering an environment where genuine talent and moral courage are undervalued. In the digital age, this pseudo-elite can no longer insulate itself from public scrutiny. Their engagement—or lack thereof—shows how inherited privilege without a foundation of openness or intellectual curiosity leads not to refinement but to stagnation.

If the modern era teaches us anything, it is that the strength of a society’s intellectual character lies in diversity and inclusion. Privilege and exclusivity, rather than enhancing intellectual and moral sophistication, often become cages, limiting growth and leading to an intellectual lethargy that is neither impressive nor inspiring. 

Toward a Reassessment of Privilege and Education

The tale of this privileged group is a cautionary one, underscoring the risks of intellectual isolation and the limitations of inherited status. As social media continues to democratize voice and influence, it exposes the fallacies of those who cling to their ancestral privilege without contributing to the advancement of thought, decency, or cultural integrity. To adapt to the modern world, education must be reframed not as a legacy but as a responsibility—a continuous, interactive, and inclusive journey rather than a static entitlement.

True progress and enlightenment demand intellectual courage, humility, and a readiness to question, adapt, and grow. For this privileged class, the path forward lies in shedding the illusion of inherent pseudo-superiority and embracing the richness that only comes from genuine engagement, critical thinking, and the acknowledgment that wisdom is, ultimately, a shared endeavor.

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The Silent Threat Behind Indian Festivities: Food Adulteration and the Pursuit of Profit

(The Article originally published in the magazine FFOODS Spectrum, November, 2024 issue)

India, with its legacy of vibrant cultures, is a land where festivals weave through the very fabric of life. From the somber chants of Ganapati Festival , to the spirited processions of Dussehra, and the luminous joy of Diwali, festivals bring communities together, serving as a mirror of our diverse yet united ethos. These celebrations, however, are not solely characterized by rituals, songs, and colors. At the heart of every Indian festival lies an inescapable connection to food—whether it be the sweet indulgence of modaks during Ganapati, the elaborate mithais of Diwali, or the offerings made during Navratri. Each occasion is incomplete without the ceremonial preparation of dishes steeped in tradition, and along with them, the flavours of love and abundance.

 

​​Yet, beneath the delicious aroma of these festive delights, there lies a sinister undercurrent. As the demand for sweets, ghee, oil, khoya, and other ingredients skyrockets, so does the temptation for unscrupulous traders to exploit the situation for illegal profit. The joy of our festivals is increasingly being threatened by a menace that silently infiltrates our food supply chain: adulteration.

 

The Ever-Present Menace

 

​​Food adulteration is not a new affliction, nor is it confined to the streets of bustling Indian cities. It is a global phenomenon, an ancient deceit that has plagued humanity since the earliest days of trade. However, in India, the stakes seem particularly high, given our unwavering penchant for celebration. During the festive seasons, markets are flooded with an insatiable demand for ingredients like sugar, milk, ghee, and oil—many of which form the backbone of traditional Indian sweets and savouries. And it is precisely this heightened demand that creates a fertile ground for greed and malfeasance.

 

​​The adulteration of food is as diverse as it is dangerous. Khoya, a critical ingredient in many Indian sweets, may be bulked up with starch. Ghee may be laced with vanaspati, and milk could be diluted with water or tainted with harmful chemicals like detergent or urea to increase volume. Even the saccharine sweetness of sugar is not spared, with cheaper alternatives such as saccharin or harmful artificial sweeteners finding their way into it. As this dark underbelly of the food industry operates unabated, what is at stake is not merely the taste or authenticity of a dish, but the very health and well-being of millions of citizens.

 

A Global Dilemma with Historical Roots 

 

​​While it might seem that the battle against food adulteration is a particularly Indian predicament, the truth is that this menace transcends borders. Historically, civilisations have wrestled with the concept of pure and safe food. From ancient Rome, where lead was used to sweeten wine, to Victorian England, where flour was whitened with chalk powder, the profit-driven motives of food adulteration have plagued society for millennia.

 

​​In response to this widespread challenge, modern institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have stepped forward. Together, they formed the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a body tasked with developing international food standards to ensure safety and fairness in the global food trade. The Codex standards serve as a framework that many countries, including India, have adopted to structure their national food laws. These standards offer an essential safeguard, but their implementation is far from flawless.

 

India’s Struggle: From Prevention to Safety 

 

​​India’s first major legal attempt to tackle the issue of food adulteration came in 1954 with /the enactment of the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act. For decades, this law formed the cornerstone of the country’s regulatory efforts. However, as the food industry evolved—shifting from small-scale local markets to large, complex supply chains—the PFA Act proved inadequate. It lacked the robustness needed to address the increasingly sophisticated forms of adulteration emerging in a rapidly globalising world.

 

​​In response, the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) of 2006 was introduced, marking a paradigm shift in India’s approach to food safety. The FSSA consolidated various laws that had previously governed different aspects of the food industry and established the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), a central regulatory body tasked with ensuring food safety from “farm to plate.” The new law aimed to cover every link in the food supply chain, setting stringent standards for the sourcing of raw materials, processing, storage, transportation, and sale.

 

​​For the first time, India had a comprehensive law that aligned with international standards. It also introduced a multi-tiered enforcement structure, placing Food Safety Officers at the grassroots level, each tasked with monitoring and inspecting a defined geographical area. State-level Food Safety Commissioners oversaw these officers, and the FSSAI itself functioned as the apex body guiding policy and regulation at the national level.

 

The Glaring Gaps in Enforcement

 

​​On paper, the FSSA seems to be the panacea for India’s food safety woes. It offers robust mechanisms for monitoring and penalising food adulterators, provides clarity on food standards, and lays out processes for ensuring accountability at every stage of the food chain. Yet, the reality on the ground tells a different story.

 

​​Despite the introduction of the FSSA and the creation of enforcement bodies, instances of food adulteration have not only persisted but have, alarmingly, increased in some regions. During the festive seasons, media reports frequently highlight cases of substandard khoya, ghee mixed with vanaspati, and milk adulterated with harmful chemicals. These reports are not mere isolated incidents—they represent a systemic failure to curb an entrenched practice. And the consequences are devastating, ranging from acute food poisoning to long-term health hazards such as organ damage and cancer.

 

​​So, why has the FSSA not managed to achieve its intended goals? The answer lies in a complex web of issues. While the law itself is comprehensive, its enforcement is hindered by corruption, inefficiency, and a lack of resources. Food Safety Officers, particularly at the Block level, are often overwhelmed with the sheer volume of work, and many are inadequately trained to detect the sophisticated forms of adulteration now prevalent. Furthermore, the powerful nexus between corrupt traders and officials ensures that many cases of adulteration go unchecked or unpunished.

 

​​But the problem runs deeper. Food adulteration in India has become so endemic that it requires more than just stricter laws—it calls for a cultural shift. Citizens must demand accountability, not just from the government but from themselves. It is all too easy to overlook the warning signs of adulteration in the rush to prepare for a festival. We must recognise that the cost of convenience is often paid with our health, and vigilance is the only defence.

 

Looking Beyond Festivals

 

​​While the spotlight tends to fall on food adulteration during the festive seasons, the problem is far from seasonal. It is a year-round issue that affects nearly every segment of the food market. Whether it’s adulterated spices, watered-down milk, or substandard grains, the threat to public health is omnipresent. The rising cases of non-communicable diseases including cancer in India have also been linked to the long-term consumption of adulterated or substandard food products. 

 

​​Festivals may be a time for joy, but they also serve as a stark reminder of the importance of food safety. The demand for sweets and special dishes may spike during these celebrations, but the risk of adulteration is something that Indians must remain vigilant about throughout the year.

 

Holding the System Accountable

 

​​It is clear that tackling food adulteration requires more than just reactive measures during the festive seasons. What is needed is a sustained, year-round effort that targets the very root of the problem. And the first step in this direction must be to hold both traders and officials accountable. It is not enough to merely catch the perpetrators; there must be strict punitive measures, including exemplary punishments for those found guilty of negligence or corruption within the regulatory machinery.

 

​​For the FSSAI to function effectively, it must strengthen its enforcement mechanisms and empower Food Safety Officers with the necessary tools and training. Simultaneously, consumers must be educated on how to spot adulteration and how to seek redress when they fall victim to it. Only then can India hope to combat this silent threat lurking behind its beloved festivals.

 

 

 

Indian festivals are a celebration of life, culture, and community. They remind us of our rich heritage and offer a momentary escape from the challenges of daily life. Yet, they also cast a light on the darker aspects of our society—the relentless pursuit of profit at the expense of public health. The issue of food adulteration is not a problem we can afford to ignore any longer. It is time to extend the same level of attention and scrutiny we reserve for our festivities to the food we consume daily, ensuring that the spirit of celebration is not marred by the silent menace of adulteration.( NUFFOODS Spectrum Nov 2024 )

-Mahesh Zagade,IAS(rtd)

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The Great Economic Mirage: Two Centuries of Guesswork

Ah, economics—such a noble science, born amidst the clattering looms of the Industrial Revolution, and heralded by philosophers and scholars as the key to unlocking wealth and prosperity. Over the last two centuries, economics has built for itself a glittering palace of theories, each one loftier than the last, promising to explain the secret mechanics of poverty, riches, and growth. But wait—have any of these grand ideas actually “worked”? Upon closer inspection, one must ask: has a single country ever prospered by diligently applying any of these economic marvels? My humble analysis says no, for economics, my friends, is more like a fortune-teller at a carnival—entertaining, mysterious, but in the end, guessing at best. It provides wonderful explanations of what “already” happened, a bit like an expert coroner after the autopsy is complete. As for preventing the death in the first place—well, that’s another story.

We’ve all heard of the illustrious figures—Adam Smith with his “invisible hand,” that supposed maestro guiding markets to their golden harmony, or Keynes, furiously scribbling about government intervention as if it could solve every downturn. These economic prophets have been worshipped in universities, their theories defended with the fervor of zealots. Yet oddly enough, despite their best efforts, there isn’t a single country that stands tall today, waving the flag of prosperity, because it obediently followed any one economic script. No, the real story of national success has always belonged to non-economist politicians and their shenanigans—the real movers and shakers. These are the ones who, in all their chaotic wisdom (or lack thereof), dictated policies, struck deals, or simply stumbled into fortune by sheer chance. Economics, for its part, arrives afterwards with a tidy explanation of what went down—ever the dutiful butler cleaning up after the wild party.

Take, for example, the sprawling British Empire. Do we really believe it grew fat and powerful by soberly following laissez-faire principles? Hardly. It wasn’t economic theory that built that empire; it was muskets, colonies, and a not-so-innocent thirst for natural resources. Adam Smith’s ghost may whisper “free markets,” but history shows it was the brutal power grab, not the theory, that made Britannia rule the waves. The same can be said for the rise of the United States. No amount of economic gospel brought the nation to its industrial glory—it was grit, innovation, political trickery, and more than a pinch of interventionism that paved the way. Smith and Keynes could only look on, probably scratching their heads, while real-world events unfurled in delightful disregard of their hallowed texts.

On the flip side, let’s consider the economic disasters of history. Did these nations falter because they placed their faith in the wrong economic deities? Oh no, dear reader—their downfall lay not in some innocent mistake of choosing the wrong theoretical horse. The collapse of the Soviet Union wasn’t solely because of a doomed command economy (though it certainly didn’t help); it was because its leaders lost the political plot. Economists simply performed a post-mortem on the corpse, nodding sagely and saying, “Yes, yes, the market was inefficient.” A brilliant observation—once the empire had already crumbled into dust.

Perhaps the real issue with economics lies in its very nature. Unlike the hard sciences, which can repeat their experiments and get the same result, economics deals with human behavior—an unruly and unpredictable creature. Economic theories, when presented with flair, look convincing. But they’re only guesses—intelligent guesses, no doubt—based on the situation at hand. They explain patterns, sure, but as for offering a foolproof guide to future prosperity? Don’t count on it. Theories age like bread, not wine, and soon enough, they’re thrown out, replaced by the next big idea, which will soon meet the same fate.

In truth, economics shines brightest when it stays in its lane—when it confines itself to analyzing what “already” happened rather than telling nations how to steer their ships. History has no record of any country deliberately following an economic theory to prosperity. Quite the contrary—nations that succeeded did so because their leaders made pragmatic decisions, often ignoring the prevailing economic wisdom, and responding to the messy reality of their times. The real-world heroes are not the economists but the politicians, the generals, and, sometimes, just plain luck.

So here we stand in the 21st century, where economics once again sits on its throne, its practitioners predicting everything from climate disaster to income inequality. But if we look closely, these predictions are more art than science, more speculation than certainty. The actual engines of change—political will, social upheavals, and those wonderful random events called “life”—will continue to outwit any well-laid economic plan.

And so, dear reader, let us tip our hats to economics—a fascinating subject, a grand spectacle, and quite the intellectual exercise. But let us not pretend it holds the keys to a nation’s destiny. It is, at best, a well-spoken guide who arrives after the fact, offering a clever summary of what’s already gone wrong—or right. But the actual writing of history? That’s in the hands of politicians, leaders, and fate itself. Economics gives us the jargon, but politics, as always, writes the punchline.

-Mahesh Zagade, IAS(rtd)

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This Week, Fourteen Years Ago: A Reflection on Administrative Accountability and Urban Watercourse Mismanagement in Pune.

Fourteen years ago this week, I, as the Municipal Commissioner of Pune Municipal Corporation, undertook a journey that was both symbolic and troubling. I traversed a ravaged 14-kilometer stretch of what the people of Pune call a “nala”—a watercourse, now mutilated and rendered unrecognizable by years of human interference. This trek was not a casual exercise nor a spur-of-the-moment decision. It was a deliberate attempt to lay bare before the municipal machinery the grievous sins committed by those entrusted with the governance of the city. The catastrophes Pune faces each year are not acts of nature alone; they are born of administrative negligence, deliberate wrongdoing, and a profound disrespect for the natural order.

In that journey, I sought to convey an uncomfortable truth: Pune’s incessant floods, which return with monsoon’s arrival each year, are not natural calamities alone. They are human-made disasters, engineered by the official mismanagement of the city’s water courses. Fourteen years ago, as the Municipal Commissioner, it became clear to me that the flooding was a direct result of corrupt urban planning and poor execution—sins against the city’s natural topography and hydrology.

The intricate web of watercourses that once defined Pune has been disrupted and defiled by the very machinery meant to protect it. These natural streams, veins through which the lifeblood of the city once flowed freely, have been dammed, diverted, and in some cases obliterated. Roads have been built over them, construction allowed to smother them, all in the name of so-called “development.” But this development has, in reality, been a covert means of profiteering, where officials and builders alike conspire for financial gain. Corrupt officers, seduced by the lure of illegal earnings, turned a blind eye to the systematic destruction of these water channels. The greed of the few has created an ecological nightmare for the many.

At that time, I advocated for the formation of an Inquiry committee, comprising a retired High Court judge and a retired senior IAS officer, to investigate this disaster—a disaster whose roots extend far beyond nature’s unpredictable wrath. I believed then, as I do now, that a forensic investigation, one that digs into both the micro and macro causes, was the only path forward to understanding the full extent of the mismanagement. Yet, those culpable in these crimes against the city prevailed. They manipulated the system to prevent any meaningful inquiry, convincing the political body, known as the Standing Committee, to reject the call for justice. The inquiry was not just halted; it was buried. The very machinery that orchestrated this urban tragedy moved swiftly to shield its own.

One cannot overlook the cyclical nature of this catastrophe. Year after year, the monsoon rains arrive, and Pune drowns anew. People wade through streets turned into rivers, homes are inundated, lives disrupted. Yet, just as the waters recede, so does public memory. The media, quick to awaken with each fresh disaster, falls silent once the deluge subsides. And the people, whose suffering is acute during the floods, too quickly forget their grievances once the sun returns. The officers, however, remain steadfast in their indifference, as if the city’s misery were an annual rite of passage, rather than a preventable crisis.

It is with a sense of deep frustration and lingering hope that I still argue for the inquiry that was first proposed fourteen years ago. The time has come—indeed, it is long overdue—for a comprehensive investigation into the flood crises that haunt this city. This investigation should not only focus on the proximate causes of each flood but delve into the deeper, structural failures of governance that allow such disasters to recur. Pune needs a “post-mortem” of its watercourse mismanagement, one that examines every facet of the city’s planning and execution. Why were these natural courses closed off? Who benefitted from allowing buildings to rise where water once flowed? What were the systemic loopholes that enabled this destruction?

The powerful forces within the municipal machinery will undoubtedly resist such scrutiny. They did so fourteen years ago, and they will do so again, pressing their weight to scuttle any attempt at accountability. It is a well-oiled machine, where self-preservation is paramount, and public welfare is an afterthought. The officers, adept at manipulation, will argue that an inquiry is unnecessary, a waste of resources, or even harmful to the morale of the administration. They will weave a narrative that seeks to absolve them of guilt, shifting the blame, as they always do, to external factors or, worse, to the public itself for being unprepared.

And herein lies the dilemma. How does one confront a system so thoroughly corrupt without first ensuring that the guilty parties are brought to justice? In a perfect world, those responsible would face the full force of the law, their careers, and reputations in tatters. But we do not live in such a world, and the greater objective must be the saving of lives, the prevention of future suffering, not the punitive satisfaction of retribution. If it requires, for the greater good, an assurance that the guilty will not face punishment, then perhaps that is a price worth paying. It is not an ideal solution, and it is certainly not just, but in a landscape of such entrenched rot, pragmatism must sometimes trump principle.

The inquiry that I propose would serve not just as a reckoning but as a blueprint for future action. It would shine a light on the dark corners of the city’s planning apparatus, expose the flaws in governance, and provide a pathway for rectifying the errors of the past. Pune can no longer afford to turn a blind eye to its watercourse mismanagement. Each year that passes without addressing the root causes of its flooding crisis is a year closer to a more catastrophic disaster. Nature, after all, has its limits, and so too does the patience of the people.

In the end, the question is not whether an inquiry should be held, but whether we, as a society, have the will to demand it. The sins of the past may be forgiven, but they must first be acknowledged. Pune’s future depends on it.

-Mahesh Zagade, IAS(rtd)

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A Tribute to the Late Shri Sitaram Yechury: A Statesman with an Unwavering Vision

I had only one opportunity to engage personally with the late Shri Sitaram Yechury, yet that singular interaction left a profound impression. It was the summer of 2011, and I was attending the Phase-IV Mid-Career Training Programme for the 1993 batch of IAS Officers at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), Mussoorie. In those days, it was customary for the Academy to host distinguished national figures for post-dinner lectures and interactions. One such evening, the invitee was Shri Sitaram Yechury, and what unfolded that night remains etched in my memory.(Another guest who lingers in my memory is Shri Rahul Gandhi. In time, I shall pen my reflections on him.)

After his lecture, a small group of us, captivated by his words, slowly walked with him toward the guest house. The air was cool, the night quiet, and as we strolled, a conversation bloomed. For years, I had nurtured a question, one that always lingered at the intersection of ideology and constitutionalism. So, seizing the moment, I asked him about the relevance of the Communist Party within the framework of the Indian Constitution, given that communism itself represents a distinctive system of governance, one seemingly at odds with the constitutional ethos of a democratic republic.

Shri Yechury’s reply was swift, yet rich in its thoughtfulness. He pointed toward the Directive Principles enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, drawing a direct connection between them and Communist ideology. “They run parallel,” he said, with conviction. “They gel well.” This was no mere assertion. He elaborated with an eloquence that displayed his deep understanding of both constitutional law and the ideals that had shaped his political career. As he spoke, it became clear that, for him, the Directive Principles were not just aspirational words but a reflection of the very fabric of socialism, justice, and equality that he championed throughout his life.

What struck me most was not merely the content of his argument but the passion with which he spoke. His deep resolve, his clarity of purpose, and his unwavering commitment to the cause of India’s weaker sections shone through. It was a glimpse into the mind of a man whose life had been dedicated to raising the living standards of the masses, often the forgotten or marginalized in our vast nation.

Shri Sitaram Yechury was not merely a politician. He was a statesman whose idealism, shaped by the crucible of struggle, was always tempered with the pragmatism necessary for leadership in a country as diverse and complex as India. He embodied the tension between ideological purity and practical governance, always striving to find the balance that would best serve the people he fought for.

In an era where political discourse often descends into cynicism and opportunism, Yechury stood apart. His was a lifelong mission grounded in principles. He believed that economic justice, social equity, and the dignity of labor were not just slogans but achievable realities. He held a vision for India where these ideals were woven into the very governance of the state.

As I reflect on that evening in Mussoorie, I am reminded of the power of intellectual dialogue and the importance of staying true to one’s principles. Shri Sitaram Yechury was a towering figure who contributed immeasurably to India’s political and social landscape. His voice was one of reason, his actions those of compassion, and his vision unclouded by the distractions of power.

With his passing, India has lost not just a leader, but a guardian of its social conscience. His life was a testament to the power of conviction, and in his death, we are reminded of the enduring relevance of his ideals. I deeply mourn his loss, yet I also celebrate a life that was lived with purpose, a mind that was resolute, and a spirit that sought to uplift the most vulnerable among us.

May his legacy continue to inspire, and may we find in ourselves the courage to pursue, with equal determination, the just and equitable India that Shri Sitaram Yechury envisioned.

-Mahesh Zagade

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Physical Activity: The Cornerstone of Effective Stress Management

(Endorsed by my personal experience.)

In the modern world, stress has become an almost ubiquitous part of daily life. The demands of work, family, and society, coupled with the constant barrage of information and expectations, have made stress an unavoidable reality for many. While some stress can be beneficial, motivating us to perform better, chronic stress has been linked to a host of physical and mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, heart disease, and a weakened immune system. In the search for effective ways to manage stress, physical activity emerges not merely as a recommendation but as an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. I found myself in a work environment that was an absolute stressful—a chaotic ecosystem largely of my own making. Why? Because I had this peculiar knack for “swimming against the strong current of the administrative river.” Naturally, I had to figure out a way to keep my sanity intact. So, I took up evening jogs, clocking in a cool 12 kilometers. And voilà! Not only did I shake off the stress, but I also dodged the usual suspects—high blood pressure, elevated sugar levels, cholesterol, you name it. To top it off, my memory remained as robust as ever, and my decision-making skills are now in tip-top shape.

The Link Between Stress and Physical Health

Before delving into the benefits of physical activity, it is important to understand the profound impact that stress can have on the body. When we encounter a stressful situation, our bodies respond by releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare us for a “fight or flight” response. While this response is useful in short bursts, chronic stress keeps the body in a prolonged state of alertness, which can lead to serious health problems.

Research published by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2022 highlights the alarming effects of chronic stress on the body. According to the report, prolonged exposure to stress can cause inflammation, increase blood pressure, and contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, stress has been found to weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. It is within this context that the role of physical activity becomes critically important.

Physical Activity: The Natural Stress Reliever

Physical activity is often touted for its ability to improve physical health, but its benefits extend far beyond the physical realm. Numerous studies have demonstrated that regular exercise is one of the most effective ways to manage stress and improve mental well-being.

One of the key mechanisms by which physical activity alleviates stress is through the release of endorphins. Endorphins, often referred to as “feel-good” hormones, are neurotransmitters that reduce pain and promote feelings of pleasure and euphoria. Engaging in physical activity stimulates the production of endorphins, which can help to counteract the negative effects of stress. A study published in The Journal of Neuroscience in 2021 found that individuals who engaged in regular physical activity had significantly higher levels of endorphins compared to those who led a sedentary lifestyle. This increase in endorphins was correlated with lower levels of perceived stress and greater overall well-being.

Moreover, physical activity has been shown to reduce levels of cortisol, the hormone most closely associated with stress. A 2020 study published in the journal  Psychoneuroendocrinology examined the effects of a 12-week exercise program on cortisol levels in a group of stressed adults. The results indicated that participants who engaged in regular physical activity had significantly lower cortisol levels compared to those who did not exercise. This reduction in cortisol was accompanied by improvements in mood, sleep quality, and overall stress resilience.

The Role of Physical Activity in Cognitive Function

In addition to its direct effects on stress hormones, physical activity also plays a crucial role in maintaining and enhancing cognitive function, which is often impaired by chronic stress. Stress can negatively impact memory, concentration, and decision-making abilities, all of which are essential for managing daily challenges.

Recent research has shed light on the neuroprotective effects of physical activity. A 2022 study published in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience found that regular exercise promotes the growth of new neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory and learning. This neurogenesis is believed to counteract the detrimental effects of stress on the brain, helping to preserve cognitive function even in the face of chronic stress. The study also highlighted the role of exercise in increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that supports the survival and growth of neurons. Higher levels of BDNF have been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Furthermore, physical activity has been shown to enhance executive function, which includes skills such as problem-solving, planning, and emotional regulation. These skills are particularly important for managing stress effectively. A meta-analysis published in Psychological Bulletin in 2021 reviewed 29 studies on the effects of exercise on executive function. The analysis concluded that both aerobic and resistance exercises significantly improved executive function, particularly in individuals under high levels of stress. The authors of the study suggested that the improvement in executive function could help individuals better manage stress by enhancing their ability to plan, prioritize, and regulate emotions.

Physical Activity and Sleep Quality

One of the most insidious effects of stress is its impact on sleep. Stress can lead to insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns, which in turn exacerbate stress, creating a vicious cycle. Sleep is crucial for mental and physical recovery, and without adequate rest, the body and mind become more susceptible to the negative effects of stress.

Physical activity has been widely recognized as a natural remedy for improving sleep quality. According to a 2021 report by the National Sleep Foundation, regular exercise can help people fall asleep faster and enjoy deeper, more restorative sleep. The report also noted that individuals who engage in regular physical activity are less likely to experience insomnia and other sleep disorders.

A study published in Sleep Medicine Reviews in 2020 explored the relationship between exercise and sleep in individuals with chronic stress. The researchers found that participants who engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity reported significant improvements in sleep quality and duration. These improvements were accompanied by reductions in stress levels and better overall mental health. The study’s findings suggest that incorporating regular physical activity into one’s routine can be a powerful strategy for breaking the cycle of stress and poor sleep.

Types of Physical Activity for Stress Management

While any form of physical activity can be beneficial for managing stress, certain types of exercise may be particularly effective. Aerobic exercises, such as running, swimming, and cycling, are well-known for their ability to elevate heart rate and release endorphins. These activities have been extensively studied and are consistently linked to reductions in stress and anxiety.

For example, a 2021 study published in The Journal of Sports Medicine examined the effects of aerobic exercise on stress in a group of office workers. The study found that participants who engaged in 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, three times a week, reported significant reductions in stress levels and improvements in mood after just eight weeks. The researchers concluded that aerobic exercise is an effective and accessible way to manage stress in everyday life.

Strength training, or resistance exercise, also offers significant benefits for stress management. A 2020 study published in The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine found that participants who engaged in regular strength training experienced not only physical improvements but also psychological benefits, including reduced stress and anxiety. The study’s authors suggested that the sense of accomplishment and mastery that comes from strength training may contribute to these mental health benefits.

Mind-body exercises, such as yoga and tai chi, combine physical movement with mindfulness and deep breathing, making them particularly effective for stress management. A meta-analysis published in *The Journal of Behavioral Medicine* in 2022 reviewed 15 studies on the effects of yoga on stress. The analysis found that yoga practitioners consistently reported lower levels of stress and greater emotional well-being compared to non-practitioners. The researchers highlighted the role of yoga in reducing cortisol levels and enhancing parasympathetic nervous system activity, which promotes relaxation and recovery from stress.

Barriers to Physical Activity and Strategies to Overcome Them

Despite the clear benefits of physical activity for stress management, many people struggle to incorporate regular exercise into their lives. Common barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to facilities. Additionally, individuals who are already experiencing high levels of stress may find it difficult to start and maintain an exercise routine.

Addressing these barriers requires a multifaceted approach. Time management is often cited as the primary obstacle to regular physical activity. However, research suggests that even short bouts of exercise can be effective for reducing stress. A study published in The Lancet Psychiatry in 2019 found that just 10 minutes of physical activity per day was associated with significant reductions in stress and anxiety. The researchers emphasized that every bit of movement counts and encouraged people to find ways to integrate physical activity into their daily routines, whether through walking, taking the stairs, or engaging in quick home workouts.

For those struggling with motivation, setting realistic goals and finding activities that are enjoyable can make a significant difference. A 2020 study published in *The Journal of Behavioral Health* found that individuals who chose physical activities they enjoyed were more likely to stick with their exercise routines and experience stress relief. The study’s authors recommended that people experiment with different types of exercise to find what works best for them, whether it’s a group class, a solo run, or a dance session in the living room.

Access to facilities can also be a barrier, particularly for those living in urban or underserved areas. However, the rise of online fitness programs and virtual classes has made physical activity more accessible than ever. According to a 2021 report by the American College of Sports Medicine, the use of online fitness resources increased by 76% during the COVID-19 pandemic. These resources provide a wide range of options for people to engage in physical activity from the comfort of their homes, making it easier to overcome logistical challenges.

The Broader Implications of Physical Activity for Society

The benefits of physical activity for stress management extend beyond the individual. When people are less stressed, they are more productive, creative, and engaged in their work and communities. A 2022 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) highlighted the economic impact of stress-related health issues, estimating that stress costs the global economy $1 trillion annually in lost productivity. The report emphasized the importance of promoting physical activity as a public health strategy to reduce the burden of stress on individuals and society as a whole.

Furthermore, the promotion of physical activity can contribute to the reduction of healthcare costs. A 2020 study published in The Lancet Global Health found that increasing physical activity levels worldwide could prevent 5

 million deaths annually and save $67.5 billion in healthcare costs. These findings underscore the importance of integrating physical activity into public health policies and programs as a means of improving overall well-being and reducing the economic burden of stress-related diseases.

 A Call to Action

The physical activity is not just a recommendation; it is a necessity for effective stress management. The evidence is clear: regular exercise reduces stress hormones, improves cognitive function, enhances sleep quality, and promotes overall mental and physical well-being. As stress continues to be a pervasive issue in modern society, it is imperative that individuals, communities, and policymakers recognize the critical role of physical activity in mitigating its effects.

The barriers to physical activity are real, but they are not insurmountable. By making small, sustainable changes to incorporate movement into daily life, individuals can take control of their stress levels and improve their quality of life. At the same time, there is a need for broader societal efforts to promote physical activity through public health initiatives, workplace wellness programs, and community resources.

Ultimately, the benefits of physical activity extend far beyond the individual. By prioritizing physical activity as a key component of stress management, we can create healthier, more resilient communities and reduce the economic burden of stress-related health issues. As we move forward in an increasingly complex and demanding world, let us embrace physical activity as a powerful tool for managing stress and enhancing the well-being of society as a whole.

(Disclaimer: The author is not a health professional.)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Mahesh Zagade

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The Colour Pink: A Study in Chromatic Significance. 

Abstract

In the grand pantheon of the visible spectrum, no hue has stirred the passions of poets, perplexed the minds of psychologists, or provoked the ire of cultures quite like pink. With the utmost seriousness, let’s understand, the undeniable supremacy of pink in the realms of human psychology, cross-cultural symbolism, biology, literature, and even among our unsuspecting animal kin. For what other color has been so unjustly relegated to the nursery, so maligned by machismo, and yet, so pervasively present in the underbelly of every serious discourse?

Introduction

In a world beset by the harsh dichotomies of black and white, where only the sternest of grays are permitted to occupy the space between, pink stands as the eternal enfant terrible—a color neither here nor there, but everywhere. Long dismissed as the idle fancy of children and the frivolous domain of the fairer sex, pink has been grievously misunderstood.

 The Psychological Implications of Pink

Psychologists, in their relentless quest to categorize and label every nuance of human experience, have long debated the significance of pink. The color is often lauded for its calming properties, as evidenced by the numerous “Baker-Miller Pink” prison cells, where the recalcitrant are softened by the gentle embrace of this most innocuous hue. Yet, could it be that beneath this placid exterior lies a nefarious agent of subversion? Indeed, how many a rebellion has been sparked by the sight of pink tutus, defying societal norms with an audacity that belies their dainty appearance?

Moreover, the association of pink with femininity has long been a double-edged sword. While some extol its virtues as a symbol of compassion and nurturing, others decry it as a prison for the female psyche, a chromatic corset binding women to roles as outdated as the crinoline. Yet, in recent years, pink has staged a resurgence as a color of empowerment, with “millennial pink” becoming the rallying cry of a generation determined to subvert the very stereotypes that once confined it.

Pink in Cultural Contexts: A Global Journey

Across the globe, pink weaves a tapestry as varied as the cultures that venerate—or vilify—it. In the West, it is a color of duality: simultaneously a signifier of innocence and a harbinger of gendered expectations. Yet, venture to the East, and one finds pink imbued with a more spiritual significance. In Japan, the fleeting beauty of cherry blossoms—a soft pink—symbolizes the transience of life itself, a poetic reflection on mortality that contrasts sharply with the West’s more materialistic inclinations.

In India, pink takes on a more vibrant persona, celebrated in the festival of Holi, where it is splashed upon revelers in an explosion of joy and color. In Mexico, pink—particularly in the form of the vivid Rosa mexicano—serves as a proud emblem of national identity, a defiant rejection of the somber and the subdued. And yet, across all these cultures, the question remains: does pink unify or divide, uplift or oppress?

The Role of Pink in Human Behavior: A Chromatic Conundrum

When one considers the influence of pink on human behavior, the paradoxes abound. Pink is, at once, a color of passion and of passivity. It is the blush of a first love and the pallor of a fainting maiden. In fashion, it has oscillated from the dainty pastels of Victorian ladies to the shocking vibrancy of the 1980s, when men and women alike donned pink with a vigor that would make even the most stoic observer blush.

And what of pink in the corridors of power? Politicians, it seems, have long been wary of the color, lest they be seen as less than serious. Yet, in the hands of a master statesman, could pink not become a weapon of soft power, a means of disarming one’s opponents with a hue so unassuming as to lull them into a false sense of security? History, alas, has yet to test this theory.

Pink in the Animal Kingdom: A Study in Nature’s Whimsy

While the human world debates the merits of pink, the animal kingdom accepts it with open arms—or wings, as the case may be. Consider the flamingo, that most elegant of birds, whose pink plumage is the result of a diet rich in carotenoids. Here, pink is not merely a color, but a badge of health and vitality, a signal to potential mates that one is in the prime of life.

Yet, pink is not limited to the flamboyant. The diminutive pink fairy armadillo, native to the sandy plains of Argentina, wears its rosy hue like a suit of armor, a reminder that even the smallest of creatures can command attention in a world dominated by the drab and the dour.

Pink in the Annals of Biology: A Pigment of Imagination

The study of pink in biology reveals a universe as varied as the imaginations of those who study it. From the microscopic pink bacteria that thrive in the harshest of environments to the vast coral reefs tinged with shades of pink, this color permeates the natural world in ways that defy expectation.

Indeed, the very word “pink” derives from the Dutch “pinkster,” a term once used to describe a type of flower now known as the “pinks” or “Dianthus.” This etymology is a testament to the enduring presence of pink in the world of botany, where it has flourished in gardens and wild meadows alike, a perennial favorite of both bees and botanists.

Pink in Literature: A Chromatic Muse

Literature, ever the mirror to society, has not been immune to the allure of pink. From the rosy-fingered dawn of Homer’s “Odyssey” to the pink ribbons fluttering in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown,” this color has served as a symbol of hope, innocence, and, occasionally, deception. In the world of poetry, pink has inspired countless odes to love and beauty, its delicate hue evoking the blush of a lover’s cheek or the soft petals of a blooming rose.

Yet, in the hands of a skilled writer, pink can also become a symbol of irony or subversion. Consider F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby,” where the protagonist’s infamous pink suit becomes a metaphor for the emptiness of the American Dream—a dream as fragile and fleeting as the color itself.

In conclusion, pink is a color of contradictions, a hue that defies easy categorization. It is at once gentle and bold, traditional and modern, loved and loathed. Whether in the realm of psychology, culture, biology, or literature, pink has left an indelible mark, a testament to its enduring power to provoke thought and stir emotion.

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The Disturbing Trend of Conflicts in the Contemporary World Order

The annals of history bear testament to the cyclical nature of human conflict, where epochs of peace are invariably punctuated by periods of strife. In our contemporary age, the globe is witnessing an alarming surge in conflicts and crises that threaten to reshape the world order in unprecedented ways. Let’s encapsulate some of the most pressing conflicts and issues of our time, highlighting the gravity of the situation and the potential ramifications for global stability.

1. The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Quintessential neighbourhood crisis

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine stands as a stark reminder of the volatility of geopolitical relations. The annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 and the subsequent military engagements in Eastern Ukraine have plunged the region into a prolonged state of turmoil. This conflict is not merely a territorial dispute but a clash of ideologies, with Russia seeking to reassert its influence over former Soviet territories while Ukraine aspires to align itself with Western democracies. The ongoing strife has resulted in significant loss of life, displacement of populations, and economic destabilization, with the potential to escalate into a broader confrontation involving NATO and other global powers.

2. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Ethnicity crisis

The protracted conflict between Israel and Palestine is one of the most enduring and complex disputes in modern history. Rooted in historical, religious, and political intricacies, this conflict has seen cycles of violence, peace negotiations, and intermittent ceasefires. The recent escalations, marked by rocket attacks and military responses, have exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and heightened tensions in the West Bank. The prospect of a two-state solution remains elusive, with each side harboring deep-seated grievances and mutual distrust, further complicating efforts towards a lasting peace.

3. The Israel-Iran Tension: Proxy war

The enmity between Israel and Iran is emblematic of the broader geopolitical and sectarian divides in the Middle East. Israel perceives Iran’s nuclear ambitions and support for militant groups such as Hezbollah as existential threats, while Iran views Israel’s actions and alliances as aggressive maneuvers aimed at undermining its sovereignty. This tension manifests through proxy wars, cyber-attacks, and covert operations, contributing to the instability of the region. The potential for direct military confrontation between these two powers remains a constant and dangerous possibility.

4. The North Korea-South Korea Standoff: Political system conflict

The Korean Peninsula remains one of the most heavily militarized and volatile regions in the world. The armistice of 1953, which ended the Korean War, has never culminated in a formal peace treaty, leaving North and South Korea technically still at war. North Korea’s pursuit of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile technology continues to pose a significant threat to regional and global security. The occasional diplomatic overtures and summits have thus far failed to yield lasting results, with the peninsula perpetually poised on the brink of conflict.

5. The China-Taiwan Dispute: Product of a Revolution crisis

The dispute between China and Taiwan is a flashpoint with profound implications for global stability. China views Taiwan as a breakaway province and has not ruled out the use of force to achieve reunification. Taiwan, on the other hand, operates as a de facto independent state with its own government and democratic institutions. The United States’ commitment to Taiwan’s defense, as stipulated in the Taiwan Relations Act, further complicates the situation, potentially drawing multiple global powers into a direct confrontation. The increasing military activities around the Taiwan Strait underscore the precarious nature of this dispute.

6. Internal Strife in Bangladesh: Civil crisis

The contemporary turmoil in Bangladesh has reached a critical zenith, culminating in the unprecedented flight of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The nation, long beset by political instability and social unrest, has witnessed escalating tensions and widespread protests, driven by allegations of electoral malpractice, economic mismanagement, and human rights abuses. Among the most vehement demonstrations have been those led by students protesting against the government’s reservation policies, which they decry as inequitable and discriminatory. The beleaguered administration’s heavy-handed response to dissent has only fanned the flames of discontent, resulting in violent clashes and a palpable sense of chaos. Prime Minister Hasina’s departure marks a dramatic and ignominious chapter in the country’s tumultuous political saga, leaving a leadership vacuum and casting a long shadow over the prospects for peace and democratic governance in Bangladesh. The citizenry, now in a state of profound uncertainty, awaits the emergence of a new order that might restore stability and justice to their troubled land.

7. The Cold War between the USA and China: Superiority syndrome crisis

The relationship between the United States and China has increasingly taken on the characteristics of a new Cold War. This rivalry spans economic, technological, and military domains, with each power vying for global supremacy. Trade wars, sanctions, and the battle for technological dominance, particularly in the realms of 5G and artificial intelligence, have heightened tensions. The South China Sea, Taiwan, and human rights issues in Hong Kong and Xinjiang serve as additional flashpoints. The strategic competition between these two superpowers has profound implications for global governance and the international order.

8. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Unemployment: Human evolution crisis

The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterised by advancements in artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology, heralds transformative changes in the global economy. However, it also portends significant disruptions to labor markets. Automation and digitalization are displacing traditional jobs, leading to widespread unemployment and underemployment. This technological upheaval necessitates proactive measures, such as reskilling and upskilling the workforce, to mitigate the socio-economic impacts and ensure inclusive growth.

9. The Escalating Public Debt Crisis: Economic malfunction

The burgeoning public debt crisis is a looming threat to economic stability worldwide. Many nations, grappling with the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, have accrued unprecedented levels of debt. The sustainability of this debt and the ability of governments to service it without resorting to austerity measures pose significant challenges. High public debt can stifle economic growth, reduce fiscal space for essential public services, and lead to social unrest, particularly in developing economies.

10. The burgeoning crisis of idle cash reserves: Problems of plenty

Currently, and probably as an unprecedented phenomenon, the burgeoning crisis of idle cash reserves, an affliction surpassing even the dire spectre of mounting public debt, looms large over the global economy. This surplus, withheld from the engines of growth, stagnates in treasuries and vaults, paralysed by the pervasive miasma of uncertainty. The very lifeblood of commerce and industry, thus sequestered, renders itself impotent, unable to invigorate the languid sinews of progress. Such inaction, borne of trepidation, foretells a bleak horizon where potential remains perpetually unfulfilled, and the promise of prosperity languishes, unheeded and unrealised.

11. The Insurgence of Right-Wing Politics and UK Riots: Artificial and unnecessary crisis

The resurgence of right-wing politics across various parts of the world is reshaping the political landscape. Populist leaders and movements are capitalizing on economic anxieties, social divisions, and nationalist sentiments. This phenomenon is not confined to any single region but is evident in countries across Europe, the Americas, and beyond. The recent riots in the UK, fueled by racial tensions, economic disenfranchisement, and political polarization, highlight the social fractures that right-wing rhetoric can exacerbate. These movements often challenge liberal democratic norms and can lead to increased domestic and international tensions.

The world is at a precarious juncture, besieged by a confluence of conflicts and crises. The aforementioned issues, ranging from geopolitical disputes and internal strife to economic challenges and political upheavals, underscore the complexity and interconnectedness of the contemporary global order. The need for robust, multilateral engagement and innovative solutions has never been more urgent.

As we navigate these turbulent times, the collective efforts of nations, guided by principles of justice, cooperation, and foresight, will be paramount in steering the world towards a more stable and equitable future. The stakes have never been higher. World leaders and the United Nations must rise to the occasion, for the alternative is an apocalyptic future that we cannot afford to accept.

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Red Lights of VIP Kind!

In the bustling streets of Pune, where the ancient and modern collide in a delightful cacophony, an incident both curious and illuminating recently transpired. An Indian Administrative Service (IAS) trainee, cloaked in the armor of officialdom, sallied forth in her private chariot, festooned with a beacon light—a dazzling triad of red, blue, and white—proclaiming “Government of Maharashtra” to all who would dare notice. Naturally, this spectacle set tongues wagging and media buzzing from the northern hills to the southern shores.

It’s only natural that such a flamboyant display prompts the common folk to ponder: Why all the fuss over a mere lamp on a car? What ancient scriptures or modern codes dictate the dos and don’ts of these vehicular illuminations?

The Luminescence of Law

Let us delve into the annals of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989. Here lies the holy scripture that ordains the use and misuse of these vehicular illuminations. Non-compliance with these legal decrees invites the wrath of the law. Cast your mind back to days of yore, when the thoroughfares teemed with government cars bedecked with red and yellow lights, and private cars blaring sirens in a symphony of illegality. This phenomenon, dear reader, was christened “VIP culture,” a division as stark as the line between the haves and the have-nots.

The Transport Commissioner’s Quixotic Quest

In the year 2015, I assumed the mantle of Transport Commissioner. It was then that I bore witness to the grotesque visage of this “VIP culture.” Many a dignitary, both official and clandestine, flaunted these forbidden “lights.” When I dared to brandish the sword of regulation, an uproar akin to a tempest ensued. A senior officer, his lamp deemed illicit, unleashed a tirade upon me: “Tum yah jo rahe ho, isake consequences achche nahi honewale.” Ah, such threats were but dulcet whispers to my battle-hardened ears. Undeterred, I pressed on, sowing the seeds of order and reaping the harvest of ire.

In a similar vein, during my tenure as the Collector of Nashik, I faced the wrath of a sadhu during the 2003 Kumbh Mela for denying him the privilege of a lamp on his car. The situation, poised on the edge of a knife, was diffused only by the sagacity of the then Mayor of Nashik, who convinced the sadhu of the inevitability of a stubborn Collector.

A Nation’s Illumination

The predilection for these beacon lights for personal grandeur rather than their intended purpose of law and order, defense emergencies, and firefighting had become a malignancy in the nation’s fabric. Even in states where the rule of law should reign supreme, the mighty Baahubali would flaunt these lights, and the police, those guardians of order, were rendered as bystanders.

But hark! In 2013, the Supreme Court, in its wisdom, decreed that the Central Government must forge new rules to curtail this abuse of luminous power. Thus, in a Cabinet meeting on the 19th of April, 2017, the Central Government resolved to dismantle this VIP culture, and on the 1st of May, 2017, a proclamation was issued. The edict, under the aegis of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, mandated that from that day forth, not even the President, Prime Minister, nor any public representative or government official shall adorn their vehicles with such beacon lights.

Exceptions to the Rule

Of course, there are exceptions, as there must be in any tale of regulation. The police, defense departments, paramilitary forces, and vehicles tasked to perform during natural calamities and extinguishing infernos retain the right to these lights, but only during their duties. At all other times, these lights must remain dark, a symbol of their dormancy and a non-VIP culture.

The rules, rigorous and unyielding, also dictate that each state’s Transport Department must annually publish a list of those authorized to use such lights by the police, defense departments, paramilitary forces, etc. Furthermore, a sticker bearing the designation of the authority and a number must be affixed to the vehicle, complete with a printed watermark and hologram to thwart forgery.

The Current Conundrum

Today, any vehicle flaunting these beacon lights unlawfully stands in defiance of the law and must be met with the full force of justice. The vigilance of the Transport Department, the RTO, and the police is paramount to ensure that this VIP culture does not rear its head once more. Alas, it appears the RTOs, engrossed in their “monumental” tasks, have become apathetic, turning a blind eye to the transgressions against central edicts.

Every Indian a VIP

In conclusion, let us recall the poignant words of our esteemed Prime Minister, who, in his clarion call to dismantle this VIP culture, tweeted, “Every Indian is special. Every Indian is a VIP.” It is incumbent upon the authorities to heed this clarion call, to uphold the gravity and significance of these words, and to ensure that every Indian, regardless of their station, is accorded the respect and equality they deserve.

Thus, the saga of the red light, a mere beacon on the surface, illuminates the deeper ethos of our society. Let us extinguish the flames of vanity and bask in the light of equality and justice.

(A shorter version of this Article was published in Times of India on 17/07/2024)

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Mumbai’s Monsoon Malaise – A Call for Accountability and Action

Once again, Mumbai finds itself submerged under the relentless monsoon rains, bringing the city to a standstill and halting proceedings even within the hallowed halls of the Legislature. The narrative, as always, is predictable: the State Government and the Municipal Corporation of Mumbai swiftly point fingers at the usual suspects—Mr. Low Lying Terrain and Mr. Climate Change. This rhetoric is eagerly accepted by citizens and the media alike, who bear the brunt of the deluge, accepting the temporary disruption of life as an unavoidable monsoon phenomenon. Social media, in its characteristic fervor, buzzes with memes and humorous anecdotes, finding fleeting amusement in the city’s perennial plight.

The Political Blame Game

Amidst the chaos, political mudslinging becomes a sideshow, with the party in power and the opposition indulging in blame games. The discourse often centers on the cleaning of stormwater drains and natural watercourses, known locally as Nalas. Tragically, the season also brings with it incidents of landslides, building collapses, and people being sucked into open drains, resulting in loss of lives. The focus of the debate, however, remains squarely on the alleged ineptitude of the ruling party in handling preventive measures and accusations of rampant corruption—money, it is said, going quite literally “down the drain.”

A Perennial Cycle of Forgetfulness

This annual spectacle of flooding and finger-pointing has become a cyclic phenomenon. Each monsoon, the citizens endure the hardships, only to forget them as the season passes, until the next year’s rains bring the same story back to life. The collective amnesia is particularly troubling considering the catastrophic floods of 2005, which claimed nearly a thousand lives. Despite the devastating loss, the underlying issues remain unaddressed, and the city continues to suffer.

The Real Culprits

Having served as the Collector of Nashik and Commissioner of the Pune Municipal Corporation, I have observed firsthand the systemic failures that lead to Mumbai’s annual monsoon misery. The true culprits are not Mr. Low Lying Terrain and Mr. Climate Change but rather Mr. Faulty Planning, Mr. Blockade of Natural Watercourses, Mr. Faulty Execution of Plans, and, most notably, Mr. Thick Skinned Senior Bureaucracy. These issues are not complex or beyond the understanding of the average citizen. They are, in fact, straightforward and glaringly obvious.

Natural Watercourses and Urban Planning

Before the establishment of villages, towns, or cities, rainwater followed natural courses along the contours of the land, draining into rivers or the sea. Human activities—such as building houses, roads, and commercial structures—must be executed in harmony with nature, not in opposition to it. When urban development disrupts these natural watercourses, the harmony is lost, leading to disasters. In Mumbai, rainwater that should naturally drain into the sea is obstructed by human constructions, causing unnatural flooding.

A Human-Made Disaster

The flooding in Mumbai is a human-made disaster, resulting from deliberate disregard for natural watercourses and poor urban planning. Instead of preserving these natural pathways and planning development around them, authorities have allowed them to be blocked or built over. Consequently, rainwater, following its natural contour, gets trapped, leading to the flooding we see today. The prime offenders are Mr. Faulty Planning, Mr. Faulty Execution of Plans, and above all, Mr. Thick Skinned Senior Bureaucracy.

Accountability and Historical Wrongs

The historical wrongs are evident and do not require a Commission of Inquiry—they are as clear as daylight. Successive Municipal Commissioners, under whose leadership faulty plans were prepared, and the Secretaries of the Urban Development Department, who blindly endorsed these plans, bear significant responsibility for the annual flooding and the resultant loss of innocent lives.

Towards a Sustainable Solution

Addressing this deeply entrenched problem requires a multifaceted approach. While a permanent solution through retrofitting measures to correct historical wrongdoings may be complex and difficult, immediate steps can be taken to make life more bearable for Mumbai’s citizens. Acknowledging the mistakes of the past is crucial, as is designing ways and means to minimize future damage. However, given the entrenched mentality of the bureaucracy, expecting them to accept responsibility and offer solutions seems overly optimistic.

A Call for Political Unity

The onus thus falls on the political leadership across the spectrum. It is imperative for political leaders to bury their differences and unite in a concerted effort to make Mumbai a more livable city. Collaboration and shared responsibility are essential to overcoming the bureaucratic inertia and implementing effective solutions.

Designing a permanent solution to rectify the historical missteps of the bureaucracy through retrofitting measures is an exceedingly complex and arduous task. However, the lives of Mumbai’s citizens can be rendered more bearable by identifying these wrongs, acknowledging them, and devising strategies to mitigate the damage. Yet, given the entrenched mindset of the bureaucracy, they are unlikely to accept this reality, let alone offer any glimmer of hope for viable solutions. Therefore, it is imperative that political leaders, across the spectrum, set aside their differences and unite in their efforts to transform Mumbai into a more livable city.

A Call to Action

The annual monsoon floods in Mumbai are not an inevitable natural disaster but a preventable human-made one. The blame lies not with Mr. Low Lying Terrain and Mr. Climate Change but with Mr. Faulty Planning, Mr. Blockade of Natural Watercourses, Mr. Faulty Execution of Plans, and Mr. Thick Skinned Senior Bureaucracy. Addressing this issue requires a holistic approach involving comprehensive planning, technological innovation, community involvement, and political collaboration.

Only through a concerted and sustained effort can Mumbai hope to break the cycle of floods and become a more resilient and livable city. The time for rhetoric and blame games is over; what is needed now is decisive action and accountability to ensure a safer, more sustainable future for all of Mumbai’s residents.

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स्पर्धा परीक्षेत मुलांच्या आयुष्याशी खेळ थांबवा!

(दै लोकमतमध्ये दि १६/६/२०२४ रोजी सारांशाने प्रकाशित झालेला लेख मूळ स्वरूपात.)

अलिकडेच महाराष्ट्र लोकसेवा आयोगाने राज्यातील स्पर्धा परीक्षा पुढे ढकलल्याचे आणि त्यामुळे उमेदवारांमध्ये नाराजी आणि असंतोष पसरल्याची वृत्ते प्रसिद्ध झाली आहेत. एव्हाना ही वृत्ते नित्याचीच बाब झालेली आहे. शासकीय पदावरील नियुक्त्याबाबत पदे भरली न जाणे, पदे भरण्याच्या जाहिराती विलंबाने येणे, जाहिरातीवर किंवा परीक्षावर शासकीय किंवा न्यायालयीन स्थगिती येणे, परीक्षा पुढे ढकलणे, निकाल लागण्यास कमालीची दिरंगाई होणे, निकाल लागल्यानंतर नियुक्त मिळण्यास कधी कधी वर्षापेक्षाही जास्त कालावधी लागणे आणि हे सर्व होऊ नये म्हणून उमेदवारांचे मोर्चे धरणे, त्यांची अगतिकता या बाबींनी महाराष्ट्र ग्रासलेला आहे. संघ लोकसेवा आयोगाकडून घेतल्या जाणाऱ्या देश पातळीवरील स्पर्धा परीक्षांच्या बाबतीत अशा बाबी ऐकिवात येत नाहीत. हे असे का होत असावे हा प्रश्न सर्वसामान्यांना पडणे स्वाभाविक आहे. या समस्या का उद्भवतात आणि त्यांचे निराकरण शक्य नाही का ते समजून घेण्याचा प्रयत्न करूया.

शासकीय नोकऱ्या या देशातील बेरोजगारी दूर करण्यासाठी पुरेशा आहेत का? अलिकडेच आंतरराष्ट्रीय कामगार संघटनेने भारतातील सुमारे ९० टक्के रोजगार अनौपचारिक क्षेत्रात असून नियमित रोजगार फक्त १० टक्के असल्याचे दर्शविले आहे. त्या १० टक्क्यांमध्ये शासकीय नोकऱ्यांचे प्रमाण अत्यल्प आहे. त्यामुळे शासकीय नोकऱ्या या बेरोजगारीवरील उपाय म्हणून नव्हे तर त्य लोकशाहीतील प्रशासकीय व्यवस्था सुदृढतेने चालविण्याची यंत्रणा असे त्याचे स्वरूप आहे. प्रशासकीय गरजानुसार पदांची संख्या ठरविली जाते. अर्थात त्यामध्ये सामाजिक दुर्बल घटकांना लोकशाहीतील निर्णय प्रक्रियेत सामावून घेणे हा देखील एक विषय आहे. प्रशासकीय व्यवस्था मजबूत ठेवून जनसामान्यांचे जीवनमान सुरळीत ठेवण्यासाठी शासनाअंतर्गत रिक्त पदे राहूच नयेत असे अभिप्रेत आहे.

तथापि, शासकीय नोकरीतील स्थैर्यता, समाजाभिमुख काम करण्याची आस आणि नोकरीची संधी म्हणून तरुण आणि विशेषतः ग्रामीण भागातील तरुण आकर्षित होतात. ते स्पर्धा परीक्षा तयारी, प्रत्यक्ष परीक्षा याकरीता पुण्यासारख्या शहरात येऊन जीवनाची ऐन उमेदीतील ४-५ वर्ष व्यतीत करत असतात. त्यांची कौटुंबिक आर्थिक स्थिती कमकुवत असते. शहरातील वास्तव्यातील दैनंदिन खर्च, क्लासेसचा खर्च इत्यादीमुळे कुटुंबाची आर्थिक स्थिती आणखी खालावते आणि एक मानसिक तणाव निर्माण होतो. परीक्षा विलंबाने झाल्या तर खर्च आणि तणाव त्य प्रमाणात वाढत जातो. यातील अन्य भयानक वास्तव म्हणजे स्पर्धा परीक्षांमध्ये उमेदवारांची आणि पदांची संख्या यामध्ये इतकी तफावत असते की प्रत्यक्षात नोकरी मिळणारांची टक्केवारी अपूर्णाकात यावी. हे सर्व दृष्टचक्र थांबवता येणार नाही का? एकतर, रोजगाराच्या संधीसाठी शासकीय नोकऱ्या हे व्यापक क्षेत्र नसले तरी तेथे भरपूर संधी आहेत. त्यामुळे शासनाने जी पदे निर्माण केलेली आहेत ती रिक्त राहणारच नाहीत हे धोरण काटेकोरपणे पाळले पाहिजे. या धोरणानुसार प्रत्येक वर्षाच्या सप्टेंबर महिन्यात पुढील वर्षी निवृत्ती, पदोन्नती इत्यादीमुळे रिक्त होणाऱ्या या पदांचा आढावा घेऊन त्या संख्येत सर्व निवड प्रक्रिया पार पडून पदोन्नतीने अथवा सरळ सेवेने अधिकारी व कर्मचारी उपलब्ध ठेवून ज्या दिवशी पदे रिक्त होतील त्याच्या दुसऱ्या दिवसापासून भरले गेले जावे. हा आढावा होतो किंवा नाही ते पाहण्याची अंतिम जबाबदारी लोकप्रतिनिधींची नसून प्रशासकीय नेतृत्व म्हणून मुख्य सचिवांची आहे. तसे होते का? उत्तर सोपे आहे; तसे होत नसावे म्हणूनच या सर्व समस्या! वास्तविकत: ही एक सोपी प्रक्रिया आहे. त्यात आणखी सुदृढता आणि पारदर्शकता आणण्यासाठी प्रत्येक तालुक्यातील सर्व शासकीय विभागात किती पदे निर्माण केली गेली आहेत आणि त्यापैकी किती पदे रिक्त आहेत ह्याची आकडेवारी दरवर्षी सप्टेंबरमध्ये जिल्हाधिकारी यांनी स्थानिक आमदारांना उपलब्ध करून दिली, तर ते देखील रिक्त पदे भरण्याबाबत शासनावर दबाव आणू शकतात.

दुसरी महत्त्वाची बाब म्हणजे पदोन्नतीची पदे तर भरली जाण्यास काहीही प्रत्यवाय नसतो. ही पदे भरली गेली तर सरळ सेवेची पदे उपलब्ध होऊन त्याचा फायदा बाह्य उमेदवारांना होतो. पण राज्यातील अशी हजारो पदे केवळ संबंधित खात्याच्या सचिवांच्या नाकर्तेपणामुळे रिक्त राहून बेरोजगार तरुण नोकऱ्यांपासून वंचित राहतात.

तिसरी आणि सर्वात महत्वाची बाब म्हणजे दरवर्षी एक जानेवारीपूर्वी त्या वर्षांची सरळसेवा पदावर नियुक्त होणाऱ्या उमेदवारांची निवडसूची करून त्यांना रिक्त होणाऱ्या पदावर नियुक्तीसाठी याद्या तयार ठेवणे. पूर्वी जेंव्हा संगणक किंवा संगणक प्रणाली नव्हत्या लोकसेवा आयोग आणि अन्य शासकीय यंत्रणाकडून कोणत्याही गोंधळाशिवाय नियमित परीक्षाअत्यंत विनासायास पार पाडल्याजायच्या. आता संगणक आणि संगणक प्रणालीसारखे तंत्रज्ञान प्रगत झाले असताना मोठे गोंधळ निर्माण का होतात, प्रश्नपत्रिका फुटणे,अन्य गैरप्रकार होणे, प्रचंड विलंब होणे, खासगी यंत्रणेवर गैरप्रकाराचे आरोप होणे असे प्रकार घडतात हे प्रशासकीय अपयश होय. या बाबीमुळे उमेदवारांना अतोनात त्रास होतो आणि तो त्रास वर्षानुवर्षे चालू आहे.या सर्व त्रासास केवळ लोकसेवा आयोग, मुख्य सचिव आणि संबंधित खात्यांच्या सचिवांचे पाप किंवा प्रशासकीय दौर्बल्य किंवा निगरगट्टपणा कारणीभूत आहे! जर मुख्यसचिवांनी आणि लोकसेवा आयोगाने ठरविले तर हे प्रश्न अस्तित्वातच राहणार आहे नाहीत. चौथी बाब म्हणजे न्यायालयाचा हस्तक्षेप. हा हस्तक्षेप सेवा प्रवेशातील त्रुटी आणि आरक्षणाबाबत शासनाचे बदलणारे धोरण यामुळे प्रामुख्याने होतो. देशाला स्वातंत्र्य मिळून ७५ वर्ष झाली तरी प्रगल्भ सचिव. बिनचूक सेवा प्रवेश नियम बनवू शकत नसतील तर ते राज्यातील १४ कोटी जनतेचे दुर्दैव होय. निवडणूक प्रक्रिया सुरू झाल्यानंतर त्यामध्ये कोणतेही न्यायालय हस्तक्षेप करणार नाही अशी वैधानिक तरतूद आहे. त्याच धर्तीवर जाहिरात दिल्यानंतर निवड प्रक्रियेत न्यायालय हस्तक्षेप करू शकणार नाहीत असा कायदा करावा असे मी दोन वर्षापूर्वी उपाय म्हणून सुचविला होता पण त्याची दखल घेण्यासाठी वेळ नसावा.

शेवटी, आपण एकविसाव्या शतकात आहोत याचे भान प्रशासनाने ठेवणे आवश्यक आहे. अत्यंत प्रभावी संगणकप्रणाली बाजारात उपलब्ध आहेत. त्याचा वापर करून शासकीय, निमशासकीय कार्यालयातील सर्व म्हणजे वर्ग अ, ब, क आणि ड या सर्व पदांसाठी खाजगीकरांतून नव्हे तर लोकसेवा आयोगामार्फत दरवर्षी फक्त एकच सामायिक परीक्षा घ्यावी. परिक्षेतील आणि मुलाखतीतील गुण पदांची उमेदवारांची प्राधान्यता, शैक्षणिक पात्रता, भौगोलिक गरज इ चा संगणक प्रणालीचा वापर करून संबंधित पदासाठी उमेदवार निवड व्हावी. उमेदवार निवड झाल्याच्या दुसऱ्या दिवशी नियुक्तिपत्रे वितरीत होवू शकतील ह्याची तजवीज ठेवावी. हे शक्य आहे का? अर्थात निश्चितपणे शक्य आहे! केवळ राज्याला लोकाभिमुख आणि प्रगल्भ मुख्य सचिव आणि सचिव असावेत!!

-महेश झगडे xIAS, माजी प्रधान सचिव, महाराष्ट्र शासन.

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